Thursday, October 15, 2026

New research on Botticelli’s Venus supports a death from a pituitary tumour diagnosis

 

The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli

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The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli

Third paper led by Professor Paolo Pozzilli on the death of Simonetta Vespucci, Botticelli's muse

Peer-Reviewed Publication

Queen Mary University of London

The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli

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The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli

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Credit: Sandro Botticelli

New evidence supporting the theory that Botticelli’s Venus died from a pituitary tumour was published Monday.

The Medical Humanities paper published by the BMJ is the third in a series of papers led by Professor Paolo Pozzilli, in which he’s set out his research on the Renaissance aristocrat, Simonetta Vespucci, Sandro Botticelli’s muse, who died at just 23 from suspected tuberculosis.

Simonetta Vespucci (c. 1453–1476), born Simonetta Cattaneo in Genoa, was a Renaissance beauty dubbed ‘La Bella Simonetta’. Married at 16 to Marco Vespucci, she captivated Florence’s elite, including the Medici family.

Botticelli painted her in both The Birth of Venus and Primavera, and was so devoted to her that he asked to be buried at her feet. The ‘Venus squint’ made famous in her paintings was copied by other artists and became a hallmark of Renaissance beauty.

Professor Paolo Pozzilli’s previous examination of documents about her death, and of the portraits, suggested an expanding pituitary tumour led to pituitary apoplexy, an acute condition ending in bleeding and death. This may have been sparked by dancing, or a violent rape – both suggested by the historical record.

Eyes support pituitary tumour diagnosis

In the latest paper, Pozzilli’s team examines Botticelli’s depiction of Vespucci’s eyes in the famous Birth of Venus, and in other portraits of her.

The findings support the original hypothesis. They describe swelling around the woman’s eyes, particularly her left eye. The tissue covering the white part of the eye is loose or folded, and the tissue underneath is swollen with fluid.

These changes, together with a squint (where the eyes do not point in the same direction), may be associated with a large tumour of the pituitary gland. There is also some swelling around her right eye.

Paolo Pozzilli Honorary Professor of Diabetes and Clinical Research at Queen Mary University of London, said:

“Sandro Botticelli was a brilliant artist who depicted his subjects with great realism. So it is not surprising that he’s left medical evidence in his paintings that we are able to read centuries later. The squint (‘strabismus’) of Venus in Simonetta Vespucci’s portraits embodies a poignant paradox: once exalted as the epitome of divine allure in Renaissance art and copied by artists like Bronzino, it now reveals itself as a subtle harbinger of her doom.”

The paper is called: Pituitary neuroendocrine tumour and strabismus in a young woman who died in 1476

https://mh.bmj.com/content/early/2026/10/12/medhum-2026-014199

The authors are:  Paolo Pozzilli,  Maria A Camilletti,  Giovanna Strano, Andrea Salerno

DOI: 10.1136/medhum-2026-014199

Previous papers:

2019 VENUS BY BOTTICELLI AND HER PITUITARY ADENOMA - PubMed

2026 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/edm2.70261

 

Wednesday, October 14, 2026

From Antwerp to Bruges, the Collection of a Flemish Connoisseur: Bonhams 4 November in Paris

 

Paris – Bonhams will offer at auction on Wednesday 4 November in Paris an exceptional group of European Old Master paintings and drawings from the 16th and 17th centuries, bringing together works by some of the most celebrated names of the Northern Renaissance and the Flemish Baroque. Rich in art historical significance, provenance, and collector appeal, the collection offers rare devotional subjects, refined portraits, and evocative landscapes spanning two centuries of artistic innovation.

Stefania Lumetta, Head of Old Master Paintings at Bonhams in Paris said: "This collection offers a remarkable journey through two centuries of artistic excellence, from the refined elegance of Northern Renaissance devotional imagery to the powerful intimacy of Flemish portraiture. Bringing together works associated with artists such as the Master of the Female Half-Lengths, Jan Gossaert, Conrad Faber von Creuznach and Jacob Jordaens, it reflects the richness, sophistication and enduring appeal of European Old Master painting. The distinguished provenance and scholarly significance of many of these works make this a particularly exciting offering for collectors and institutions alike."


Leading the sale is Portrait of Catharina van Noordt, the artist's wife by Jacob Jordaens (1593-1678), an intimate and remarkably preserved depiction of the painter's wife. Distinguished by its luminous handling and highly personal character, the portrait has been exhibited at major institutions including the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam in 1936 and the Royal Museum of Fine Arts in Antwerp in 1978. It is estimated at €120,000-180,000.


Another highlight is The adoration of the shepherds by the enigmatic Master of the Female Half-Lengths, one of the most sought-after exponents of Antwerp Mannerism. Painted around 1530-1540, the square panel exemplifies the artist's elegant and highly refined style and bears comparison with a related work in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. The painting carries an estimate of €80,000-120,000.


Among the Renaissance portraits at auction is an impressive Portrait of a Gentleman Wearing a Renaissance Beret, attributed to Conrad Faber von Creuznach (1500-1552), an artist renowned for his penetrating likenesses and documentation of German humanist society. The work is estimated at €40,000-60,000.

The sale also features a rare and historically important Virgin and Child from the Workshop of Jan Gossaert, called Mabuse, bearing the inscription "IOANNES MALBODIVS INVENIT 1527". Exhibited in the landmark exhibition Le Siècle de Bruegel in Brussels and discussed in The Burlington Magazine, this devotional panel relates to one of Gossaert's most celebrated compositions and is estimated at €30,000-50,000.

Further highlights include an Adoration of the Shepherds, attributed to Cornelis Cornelisz. Kunst (€20,000-30,000), and an intimate Virgin and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist from the Workshop of Peter Paul Rubens (€18,000-25,000). Formerly regarded as an autograph work by Rubens, the painting's quality and close stylistic relationship with the master's oeuvre continue to underline its significance.

Landscape painting is represented by a selection of finely executed cabinet pictures, including Wooded Landscape with Saint Jerome Reading from the Workshop of Jan Brueghel the Elder (€25,000-35,000) and a richly detailed River Landscape in the Mountains, from the circle of Paul Bril, dated 1603 and painted on Antwerp copper (€10,000-15,000).

Together, these works illustrate the extraordinary diversity of artistic production in Northern Europe during the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Combining distinguished provenance, scholarly interest, and museum-quality craftsmanship, the collection presents a rare opportunity for collectors to acquire works that encapsulate some of the most influential artistic traditions of early modern Europe.

Other highlights of the sale include:

• Jose Echenagusia, Arab Women Enjoying a Leisure Moment on a Terrace, oil on canvas (estimate: €40,000-60,000)
• Joseph Vernet, Marina in a storm, oil on canvas 56 x 80 cm (estimate: €35,000-45,000)

Bonhams will also present an exceptional group of European paintings and works on paper spanning the 18th and 19th centuries in its forthcoming sale in Paris, led by a remarkable decorative ensemble by Maurice Leloir (1853-1940), alongside important Spanish paintings, English portraits and French landscapes.

The sale is highlighted by Maurice Leloir's La visite de la frégate; La parade chez Nicolet; Sur le passage du roi Louis XV; Madame du Barry, a rare set of four monumental watercolours and gouaches depicting scenes from the reign of Louis XV, estimated at €60,000-80,000. Renowned for his mastery of historical costume and 18th-century subjects, Leloir combines scholarly precision with a vivid sense of narrative to recreate the elegance and theatricality of Ancien Régime France.

The sale also features À la mer by celebrated Dutch painter Jozef Israëls, estimated at €12,000-18,000 and a moving pastel dedicated to Camille Claudel by Léon Augustin Lhermitte. Le bêcheur, dated 1890 and estimated at €18,000-22,000 comes from the collection of Alain Delon.

French landscape painting is represented by two atmospheric works by Stanislas Lépine, including La Seine à Rouen (€15,000-20,000) and Le Canal Saint-Denis, clair de lune (€8,000-12,000), both demonstrating the artist's subtle treatment of light and water.

The auction will also offer a distinguished group of English portraits from a French private collection, including works attributed to Sir William Beechey, John Hoppner, and Henry Wyatt, reflecting the elegance and refinement of British portraiture from the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Attributed to John Hoppner R.A. (1758-1810), a portrait of a lady is estimated at €5,000 - 7,000 and A lady playing the harp attributed to Sir William Beechey R.A (1753-1839) is expected to fetch €4,000 - 6,000.

Among the international highlights is José Echena's impressive Orientalist canvas Femmes du harem profitant d'un moment de loisir sur une terrasse dominant Le Caire, estimated at €40,000-60,000. Rich in detail and bathed in luminous light, the painting exemplifies the European fascination with the East that characterised late 19th-century Orientalist art.

Also featured is Francisco Miralles y Galup's charming Un peintre dessinant au bord de la mer (€15,000-20,000), a refined example of the artist's elegant and atmospheric depictions of modern life.

Bringing together historical genre scenes, portraits, landscapes and Orientalist works, the sale offers collectors a compelling survey of European painting, showcasing artists celebrated for their technical accomplishment, historical insight and enduring appeal.

Tuesday, October 13, 2026

Christie's Modern British and Irish Art Evening Sale 21 October 2026

Christie's Modern British and Irish Art Evening Sale

Created at a pivotal time in Hepworth's career, this is a landmark example of the artist's pioneering approach to carving, colour and space

Dame Barbara Hepworth's defining masterwork <em>Sculpture with Colour (Eos) </em>to lead Modern British and Irish Art Evening Sale
Dame Barbara Hepworth, Sculpture with Colour (Eos), carved and painted in 1946. Estimate: £5,000,000-8,000,000

“Harmony comes with the discovery of the most direct way of carving each material according to its nature.” - Dame Barbara Hepworth

LONDON - Christie's will present Dame Barbara Hepworth's defining masterwork, Sculpture with Colour (Eos) (estimate: £5,000,000-8,000,000) as the lead highlight of the Modern British and Irish Art Evening Sale, taking place on 21 October 2026 in London.

Carved from a single piece of pale Hopton Wood stone, Sculpture with Colour (Eos) rises from its base as an organic ovoid form, balanced delicately on its narrowest point. The sculpture was created in 1946, a pivotal year for Hepworth, in which she reached new levels of experimentation and development in her work, with colour emerging as an integral element of her sculptural language. One of just three known stone sculptures from 1946 to feature the application of painted colour to its form, the piece is among the most complex and inventive works Hepworth created in this vein. Sculpture with Colour (Eos) also featured in a photograph Lee Miller took of the artist in her studio for Vogue shortly after its completion, illustrating its importance as a key example of her most recent work.

The sculpture powerfully illustrates Hepworth's long-held commitment to 'truth to materials' and direct carving – responding to the essential character of her chosen materials, she produced unique works that came solely from tools she wielded in her own two hands.  “I have always preferred direct carving to modelling,” the artist explained, “because I like the resistance of the hard material and feel happier working that way. Carving is more adapted to the expression of the accumulative idea of experience and clay to the visual attitude. An idea for carving must be clearly formed before starting and sustained during the long process of working… harmony comes with the discovery of the most direct way of carving each material according to its nature.”

The landscape of Cornwall also strongly influenced Hepworth's sculpture through this period. She had moved from London to St Ives in Cornwall with the artist Ben Nicholson and their young family in 1939 at the outbreak of the Second World War and lived in Carbis Bay from 1942 to 1949. The bright Cornish light, sea, cliffs, and ancient stones became central to her artistic practice, and influenced the evolution of her thoughts on adding colour to her sculptures. She believed that light and space were as integral to a finished work as materials such as stone and wood, an effect which could be accentuated and enhanced by the addition of particular hues of paint to certain features.

Across the surface of Sculpture with Colour (Eos), three delicately shaped hollows have been accentuated with paint – ranging from deep, rich blue, to a subtle pale grey and an off-white. Together, these tones evoke the luminous hues of daybreak, while the vibrant blue also calls to mind the depths of the ocean, the boundless sky and the infinite reaches of the cosmos. The choice of colours also connects to the subtitle Hepworth granted the sculpture, Eos, which invokes the ancient Greek goddess of dawn, who symbolised the start of a new day and was associated with light, renewal, and rebirth. In this context, the sculpture's swelling, organic form may suggest similar themes of emergence, awakening, and renewal: the sense of a new world gradually coming into being.

Formerly in the collection of philanthropists David and Geraldine Pincus, Sculpture with Colour (Eos) has an exceptional exhibition history, having been included in a number of important shows dedicated to Hepworth's art, from the artist's first solo-show following the Second World War, held at the Lefevre Gallery in London in 1946, to the seminal retrospectives of her work at the Whitechapel Gallery in London in 1954 and the Tate in 1968, as well as the celebrations of the artist's centenary in 2003 in her adopted home of St. Ives. It most recently featured in the exhibition Hepworth in Colour at The Courtauld Gallery, London, which took place between June and September 2026 and celebrated the artist's dynamic use of colour.

Alice Murray, Head of Modern British and Irish Art, Christie's London: “Hepworth carved Sculpture with Colour (Eos) the year the world began again, and gave it the name of the dawn. Shortly after its completion, Lee Miller photographed her in the studio for Vogue, with the sculpture beside her. Three hollows, painted blue, grey and white, catch the light like the first minutes of morning. From the Lefevre Gallery in 1946 to the Courtauld this summer, it has been at the heart of Hepworth's story for eighty years. Christie's longstanding expertise in Hepworth's work, and its leading position in the market for the artist, provide a fitting context for presenting this exceptional sculpture. We are delighted to offer it as the highlight of our Modern British and Irish Art Evening Sale, and to help it find its next home.”

Sculpture with Colour (Eos) will be on view at Christie's London until 14 October 2026 as part of the 20/21 Marquee week view, and subsequently from 17 to 21 October 2026 during the Modern British and Irish Art Sales exhibition, both moments free to all. More information on christies.com. 

Also in the auction:

20th and 21st Century Art Evening Sale 15 October 2026

 



BRIDGET RILEY

(B. 1931)
Ka 4
£550,000 - £750,000US$730,000 - US$990,000


BANKSY
(B. 1975)
Laugh Now
£400,000 - £600,000US$530,000 - US$790,000


FERNANDO BOTERO
(1932-2023)
Woman Dancer
£250,000 - £350,000US$330,000 - US$460,000



FERNANDO BOTERO
(1932-2023)
Homme à Table
£250,000 - £350,000US$330,000 - US$460,000


FERNANDO BOTERO
(1932-2023)
Still Life with Watermelon
£220,000 - £350,000US$290,000 - US$460,000



REMBRANDT BUGATTI
(1884-1916)
Puma mâle
£220,000 - £320,000US$290,000 - US$420,000


DAMIEN HIRST
(B.1965)
Beautiful Squashed Orange and Splattered Cherry Painting
£180,000 - £250,000US$240,000 - US$330,000




EUGÈNE BOUDIN
(1824-1898)
Trouville. Scène de Plage
£180,000 - £250,000US$240,000 - US$330,000



FERNANDO BOTERO
(1932-2023)
Lovers
£150,000 - £250,000US$200,000 - US$330,000



JEAN DUBUFFET
(1901-1985)
Paysage Américain
£140,000 - £180,000US$190,000 - US$240,000

Sunday, October 11, 2026

Bonhams American Art sale November 3 in New York

 

American Art

Bonhams will present its live American Art sale on November 3 in New York at its U.S. flagship galleries, 111 West 57th Street. Spanning 107 lots, the fall sale traces the breadth of American art, from important 19th century Hudson River School paintings to celebrated examples of the Ashcan School and Modernism. Notable artists featured within the sale include John Frederick Kensett (1816–1872), Newell Convers Wyeth (1882–1945), John Sloan (1871–1951), John Marin (1870–1953), Milton Avery (1885–1965), and Mary Cassatt (1844–1926) among others.

Leading the sale is Scene Near Greeley, Colorado, a rare and monumental Western landscape painted circa 1870-72 by John Frederick Kensett (1816–1872), one of the foremost painters of the Hudson River School. Estimated at $120,000 – 180,000, the painting returns to the market for the first time in nearly two decades and belongs to a small but significant group of paintings inspired by Kensett's travels in the American West. Distinguished by its exceptional scale, the painting depicts the sweeping plains near Greeley, Colorado, with the Rocky Mountains stretching across the horizon, rendered with Kensett's signature luminosity and serene sense of space.


Another notable work this season is Newell Convers Wyeth's (1882–1945) fresh-to-market painting, The Vigil. Estimated at $100,000 – 150,000, the present work was created for the Scribner's edition of author Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings' (1896–1953) Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Yearling and depicts one of the book's most poignant moments. As one of thirteen illustrations commissioned for the publication, the work exemplifies Wyeth's remarkable gift for visual storytelling and carries exceptional provenance.


Also featured in the sale is Landscape Sketch and Brunette Nude, Striped Blanket: A Double-Sided Work by John Sloan (1871–1951), a rare double-sided canvas that brings together two compositions from distinct chapters in Sloan's oeuvre. Estimated at $70,000 – 100,000, the work pairs a Gloucester landscape painted in 1917 with a female nude executed more than a decade later, circa 1928–30. Uniting these otherwise disparate moments on a single canvas, the painting offers a unique record of Sloan's stylistic development and is further distinguished by its exhibition history at the Brooklyn Museum and the National Gallery of Art.


Further highlights rounding out the sale include John Marin's (1870–1953) Village, Maine, an accomplished 1923 watercolour executed during the artist's celebrated Maine period, estimated at $60,000 – 80,000; Milton Avery's (1885–1965) Nude with Upraised Arms, a striking late-career work exemplifying the artist's celebrated use of bold colour and simplified form, estimated at $60,000 – 80,000; 


and Mary Cassatt's (1844–1926) Baby Charles: Head and Arms, a sensitive study reflecting the renowned American Impressionist's enduring fascination with themes of childhood and intimacy, estimated at $40,000 – 60,000.