Constable: The Making of a Master

Victoria and Albert Museum
20 September 2014 - 11 January 2015

The V&A's major autumn exhibition will re-examine the work of John Constable (1776-1837), Britain’s best-loved artist. It will explore his sources, techniques and legacy and reveal the hidden stories behind the creation of some of his most well-known paintings.

Constable: The Making of a Master will juxtapose Constable’s work for the first time with the art of 17th-century masters of classical landscape such as Ruisdael, Rubens and Claude, whose compositional ideas and formal values Constable revered. On display will be such celebrated works as 

The Hay Wain (1821), 

The Cornfield (1826) and 

Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows (1831), 

together with oil sketches Constable painted outdoors directly from nature, which are unequalled at capturing transient effects of light and atmosphere. The exhibition will bring together over 150 works of art including oil sketches, drawings, watercolours and engravings.

Martin Roth, V&A Director, said: “The V&A has been one of the leading centres for Constable research since the 19th century, following a significant gift of paintings, oil sketches and drawings from Constable’s daughter Isabel in 1888. This exhibition refreshes our understanding of his work and creative influence. It shows that Constable’s art, so well-loved and familiar to many of us, still delivers surprises.”

Born in East Bergholt, Suffolk on 11 June 1776, John Constable was the second son of a gentleman farmer and mill owner. Whilst working in the family business he became intimately familiar with the countryside around the River Stour and sketched observations of nature and the scenery and motifs of the Suffolk countryside. Given permission by his father to pursue art, he travelled to London in 1799 where he studied at the Royal Academy of Arts. He was schooled in the old masters, meticulously copying their work and reflecting on their compositions in his individual style. On display will be paintings including Moonlight Landscape (1635-1640) by Rubens and Landscape with a Pool (1746-7) by Gainsborough, which inspired Constable’s early practice.

Constable made a number of close copies of the old masters which he referred to as a “facsimile...a more lasting remembrance.” Paintings including 

Claude’s Landscape with a Goatherd and Goats (c.1636-7) and 

Ruisdael’s Windmills near Haarlem (c.1650-52), 

as well as etchings and drawings by Herman van Swanevelt and Alexander Cozens, will be displayed alongside

 Constable’s own direct copies, 

many of which will be brought together for the first time since they were produced almost 200 years ago. Constable also owned an extensive art collection that included 5000 etchings principally by 17th-century Dutch, Flemish and French landscape painters, which became a vital resource for his own image making.

Outdoor sketching was central to Constable’s working method. The 1810s saw the beginning of a series of expressive oil sketches and drawings in the open air, capturing the changes of weather and light in his native countryside. His naturalistic representation of the landscape and use of broad brushstrokes and impasto technique challenged conventions and brought the genre of outdoor oil sketching to a new level of refinement. Examples of his cloud studies, including sketches of Hampstead Heath and Brighton Beach will demonstrate Constable’s innovative and poetic evocations of land, sea and sky.

The exhibition will also investigate Constable’s methods for transferring the freshness of his sketches into his exhibition paintings. From 1818-19 Constable produced 

full-scale oil sketches 

to resolve the compositions, colours and light values of his ‘six-footers’ such as The Hay Wain (1821) (above) and 

The Leaping Horse (1825) which are amongst the best-known images in British art.

In the last decade of his life Constable and the engraver David Lucas collaborated on a series of mezzotints after the artist’s paintings. The final section of the exhibition will present a major group of these prints together with the exemplary original oil sketches on which they were based. Through these prints Constable sought to secure his artistic legacy and ensure the continued study of his groundbreaking paintings, which remain hugely influential to the present day.

Brighton Beach, 1824, by John Constable. Photograph: Victoria & Albert Museum Photograph: Victoria & Albert Museum

Exhibition Publication 

An accompanying publication, John Constable: The Making of a Master (by Mark Evans, with Susan Owens and Stephen Calloway) will be available from V&A Publishing priced £30.00 in hardback. This will be a companion volume to an earlier publication by Mark Evans, John Constable: Oil Sketches from the Victoria and Albert Museum.

From a review in The Telegraph:

 John Constable: The Making of a Master isn’t an exhibition that sets out to knock your socks off in the opening rooms. There is a lot of contextual material… When proper Constable works appear, they are very small. Yet that isn’t a problem. Where many artists impress through scale, Constable can seem most himself when size, subject and ambition are at their most compressed. By the time of The Leaping Horse of 1825, four years later, the gap in handling between sketch and finished work is starting to close; though modern viewers are still likely to prefer the rawness of the study; which may lead to the uneasy suspicion that we may be enjoying these works in ways the artist never intended. Constable doesn’t just give us memorable images of mythic English places such as Stonehenge, Old Sarum and Salisbury Cathedral, he gives us a sense of the excitement with which these places were rediscovered by the Romantic movement. His glorious watercolour of Stonehenge, with two rainbows hitting the ground beside the ancient stones, will strike an atavistic chord in anyone with even the slightest feel for the British past. In Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows, painted in 1831, when he was 55 and had only six years left to live, he heightens the drama in the blustery sky, throwing a rainbow over the image in a mystical fusing of past and present that belies the sense of Constable as a mere dour observer of empirical reality.

A review in The Guardian